Nginx
Nginx 是一款轻量级的 Web 服务器、反向代理服务器,由于它的内存占用少, 启动极快, 高并发能力强, 在互联网项目中广泛应用。
安装
Ubuntu 安装 Nginx 可以不像官网描述的这么复杂, 直接执行以下命令即可。
shell
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nginx
两者唯一的区别是官网安装的是最新版的 Nginx, 而上面命令安装的是 1.18.0 特定版本。但由于 Nginx 非常稳定, 版本相差不大也不要紧。
shell
nginx -v
安装结束后执行 nginx -v
出现相应版本号即表示安装成功。
文件
Nginx 可执行脚本存放位置
nginx 的可执行脚本存放在 /usr/share/nginx/ 目录里面, 一般不需要操作此文件夹。
配置文件
nginx 的配置文件存放在 /etc/nginx/ 目录里面。
shell
cd /etc/nginx/
ls
text
root@mochi:~# cd /etc/nginx
root@mochi:/etc/nginx# ls
conf.d fastcgi_params koi-win modules-available nginx.conf scgi_params sites-enabled uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf koi-utf mime.types modules-enabled proxy_params sites-available snippets win-utf
- nginx.conf : 配置文件, 其中引入了 sites-available 目录下的所有文件
- sites-available : 包含 default 配置文件, 一般就是更改 default 文件
日志文件
日志文件存放在 /var/log/nginx 文件夹下。
shell
cd /var/log/nginx
ls
text
root@mochi:~# cd /var/log/nginx
root@mochi:/var/log/nginx# ls
access.log error.log
- access.log : 请求日志
- error.log : 错误日志
常用命令
查看 80 端口占用情况
shell
netstat -tupln | grep 80
停止
shell
nginx -s stop
shell
nginx -s quit
stop 与 quit 的区别就是 stop 会立即停止 nginx, 而 quit 会等子进程处理完毕再停止, 但不接收新的请求。
开启
shell
nginx
重启
shell
nginx -s reload
重新加载磁盘位置
shell
nginx -s reopen
nginx 日志文件的存取是基于磁盘位置的, 也就是说即使将 access.log 重命名为 test.log, nginx 仍然会将日志文件写入 test.log。
reopen 命令可以让 nginx 重新获取磁盘位置, 写入新创建的 access.log 中。
检测配置文件是否有语法错误
shell
nginx -t
查看所有命令
shell
nginx -h
配置
配置规则
打开 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 文件, 其内容可大致分为几个区域。
shell
cd /etc/nginx
vi nginx.conf
shell
Main #全局配置区
events { # events 事件区, 子进程核心配置
}
http { # http 服务器配置区
server { # 不同服务配置区
location { # location 不同请求路径配置区
# 具体配置选项
}
}
}
mail { # 邮件代理配置区
server { # 邮件服务配置区
# 具体配置选项
}
}
shell
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 768;
# multi_accept on;
}
http {
##
# Basic Settings
##
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
# server_tokens off;
# server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
# server_name_in_redirect off;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
##
# SSL Settings
##
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
##
# Logging Settings
##
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
##
# Gzip Settings
##
gzip on;
# gzip_vary on;
# gzip_proxied any;
# gzip_comp_level 6;
# gzip_buffers 16 8k;
# gzip_http_version 1.1;
# gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
#mail {
# # See sample authentication script at:
# # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
#
# # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
#
# server {
# listen localhost:110;
# protocol pop3;
# proxy on;
# }
#
# server {
# listen localhost:143;
# protocol imap;
# proxy on;
# }
#}
其中 nginx.conf 又引入了 /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*, 而我们实际需要配置的就是 /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default 文件。
shell
cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
vi default
shell
##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##
# Default server configuration
#
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# SSL configuration
#
# listen 443 ssl default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
#
# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
#
# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
#
# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
# Don't use them in a production server!
#
# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
# fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
# # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
# listen 80;
# listen [::]:80;
#
# server_name example.com;
#
# root /var/www/example.com;
# index index.html;
#
# location / {
# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
# }
#}
配置 HTTPS 安全协议
首先得去阿里云获取免费的 SSL 证书并下载 nginx 的版本。
shell
server {
# listen 80 default_server;
# listen [::]:80 default_server;
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.moyo.love; # 域名, 需写全
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/m.pem; # 下载的证书
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/m.key; # 下载的密钥
}
反向代理
以 /api 开头的请求都会被 3000 端口接管处理。
shell
server {
location /api {
proxy_pass HTTP://127.0.0.1:3000;
}
}
前端网站
shell
server {
location /mochi-blog {
alias /mochi/mochi-blog/;
# 这个 base 如果有子目录则填子目录, 否则不用填写
try_files $uri $uri/ /base/index.html;
}
}